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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kadison-Singer-Problem</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Das <b>Kadison-Singer-Problem</b> von <a href="Richard_Kadison" title="Richard Kadison">Richard Kadison</a> und <a href="Isadore_Singer" class="mw-redirect" title="Isadore Singer">Isadore Singer</a> ist ein 1959 aufgestelltes Problem in der Theorie der <a href="Operatoralgebra" title="Operatoralgebra">Operatoralgebren</a>. Es fragt danach, ob bestimmte Erweiterungen von <a href="Lineares_Funktional" class="mw-redirect" title="Lineares Funktional">linearen Funktionalen</a> auf bestimmten Operatoralgebren (bestimmte <a href="C*-Algebra" title="C*-Algebra">C*-Algebren</a>) eindeutig sind. Es wurde 2013 von <a href="Adam_W._Marcus" title="Adam W. Marcus">Adam W. Marcus</a>, <a href="Daniel_Spielman" title="Daniel Spielman">Daniel Spielman</a> und <a href="Nikhil_Srivastava" title="Nikhil Srivastava">Nikhil Srivastava</a> gelöst.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hintergrund_und_Geschichte">Hintergrund und Geschichte</h2></div>
<p>Das Problem hat seine Wurzeln in der Quantenmechanik, in der ein Quantenzustand zunächst für eine maximale Zahl miteinander kommutierender <a href="Selbstadjungierter_Operator" title="Selbstadjungierter Operator">selbstadjungierter</a> Operatoren (MASA, maximally abelian self adjoint algebra of operators) charakterisiert wird. Die Operatoren wirken dabei in der Quantenmechanik auf unendlichdimensionalen Vektorräumen von Funktionen (<a href="Hilbertraum" title="Hilbertraum">Hilbert-Räumen</a>). Dazu wird eine Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilung der zu den Operatoren der MASA gehörenden Observablen festgelegt (sogenannter <i><a href="Zustand_(Mathematik)" title="Zustand (Mathematik)">reiner Zustand</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilung ist ein <a href="Lineares_Funktional" class="mw-redirect" title="Lineares Funktional">lineares Funktional</a> des MASA mit bestimmten Positivitätseigenschaften (wegen der Interpretation als Wahrscheinlichkeit). Danach wird der reine Zustand auf die anderen Observablen ausgedehnt, die den nicht-kommutierenden Operatoren entsprechen. Die Frage ist, ob das in eindeutiger Weise möglich ist, wie das <a href="Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a> in seinem Buch <i><a href="The_Principles_of_Quantum_Mechanics" title="The Principles of Quantum Mechanics">The Principles of Quantum Mechanics</a></i> vermutete.
</p><p>Die Antwort hängt davon ab, welche Art von MASA betrachtet wird. Im allgemeinen Fall (diffuse MASA) zeigten Kadison und Singer, dass es reine Zustände gibt, die nicht eindeutig fortgesetzt werden können. Beschränkt man die MASA auf Projektionsoperatoren auf eindimensionale Unterräume (sogenannte <i>atomare</i> MASA) – bei Operatoren auf endlichdimensionalen Vektorräumen (Matrizen) wären das Diagonalmatrizen – ist die Frage nach der eindeutigen Fortsetzbarkeit reiner Zustände als Kadison-Singer-Problem bekannt.
</p><p>Das Kadison-Singer-Problem hängt mit anderen offenen Problemen und mit Anwendungen<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> zusammen zum Beispiel aus Signaltheorie, linearer Algebra und Graphentheorie. Insbesondere wurde es 1979 von Joel Anderson als äquivalent zu einer Vermutung (<i>paving conjecture</i>) in endlichdimensionalen Vektorräumen gezeigt. In einer anderen endlichdimensionalen Formulierung wurde es dann von Marcus, Spielman und Srivastava 2013 in positivem Sinn gelöst.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formulierung">Formulierung</h2></div>
<p>Betrachtet wird der <a href="Folgenraum" title="Folgenraum">Folgenraum</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ell ^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>ℓ<!-- ℓ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ell ^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/91f1f909abd70bd3d8fff0f7ae1ac23052387e18.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.024ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ell ^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> (ein separabler Hilbertraum) und die C*-Algebren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}" loading="lazy"></span> aller <a href="Linearer_Operator" title="Linearer Operator">stetigen linearen Operatoren</a> (<a href="Beschr%C3%A4nkter_Operator" title="Beschränkter Operator">beschränkte</a> lineare Operatoren) auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ell ^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>ℓ<!-- ℓ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ell ^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/91f1f909abd70bd3d8fff0f7ae1ac23052387e18.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.024ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ell ^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>D</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f34a0c600395e5d4345287e21fb26efd386990e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.924ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D}" loading="lazy"></span> der diagonalen stetigen linearen Operatoren auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ell ^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>ℓ<!-- ℓ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ell ^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/91f1f909abd70bd3d8fff0f7ae1ac23052387e18.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.024ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ell ^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Ein Zustand einer C*-Algebra <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> ist ein stetiges lineares Funktional <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi \colon A\to \mathbb {C} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi \colon A\to \mathbb {C} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e1435958ee8802c3db3b462dd5cdf5d4ad8e6c4e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.589ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi \colon A\to \mathbb {C} }" loading="lazy"></span>, so dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi (I)=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi (I)=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6a0adf20a1ea775f1802df0b5fb313ce5ac47e16.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.762ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi (I)=1}" loading="lazy"></span> (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>I</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/535ea7fc4134a31cbe2251d9d3511374bc41be9f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.172ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I}" loading="lazy"></span> steht für die multiplikative Identität der Algebra) und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi (T)\geq 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi (T)\geq 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2051adf7308e672f4df0afaf8392d911a7fdded0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.227ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi (T)\geq 0}" loading="lazy"></span> für jedes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T\geq 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T\geq 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/07251f925ce3c2848edcc56971479a8ac6f5f811.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.897ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T\geq 0}" loading="lazy"></span>. Der Zustand heißt rein, falls er <a href="Extremalpunkt" title="Extremalpunkt">extremal</a> ist (das heißt keine Linearkombination anderer Zustände). Nach dem <a href="Satz_von_Hahn-Banach" title="Satz von Hahn-Banach">Satz von Hahn-Banach</a> kann ein Funktional auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>D</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f34a0c600395e5d4345287e21fb26efd386990e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.924ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D}" loading="lazy"></span> zu einem solchen auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}" loading="lazy"></span> erweitert werden. Kadison und Singer vermuteten, dass die korrespondierende Erweiterung reiner Zustände eindeutig ist.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Endlich-dimensionale_Formulierung_von_Anderson">Endlich-dimensionale Formulierung von Anderson</h2></div>
<p>Joel Anderson<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bewies die Äquivalenz zu einer Vermutung in endlichdimensionalen Vektorräumen, die er <i>paving conjecture</i> nannte:
</p><p>Für jedes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon >0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
<mo>></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon >0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/568095ad3924314374a5ab68fae17343661f2a71.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.205ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon >0}" loading="lazy"></span> existiert eine natürliche Zahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}" loading="lazy"></span>, so dass gilt: Für jedes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> und jeden linearen Operator (Matrix) <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}" loading="lazy"></span> auf dem <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>-dimensionalen Hilbertraum <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} ^{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} ^{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a53b4e76242764d1bca004168353c380fef25258.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.897ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} ^{n}}" loading="lazy"></span>, dessen Diagonalelemente verschwinden, gibt es eine Aufteilung von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \{1,\dots ,n\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \{1,\dots ,n\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8b98091026e0b10ee08a7c77e229c649f81b0a05.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.06ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \{1,\dots ,n\}}" loading="lazy"></span> in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}" loading="lazy"></span> Mengen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A_{1},\dots A_{k}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A_{1},\dots A_{k}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/048efc325d67bf92a00a8be47676755b9ea058ad.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.773ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A_{1},\dots A_{k}}" loading="lazy"></span>, so dass
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|P_{A_{j}}TP_{A_{j}}\|\leq \epsilon \|T\|\quad {\text{für alle}}\,\,j=1,\ldots ,k.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>T</mi>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>für alle</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>j</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|P_{A_{j}}TP_{A_{j}}\|\leq \epsilon \|T\|\quad {\text{für alle}}\,\,j=1,\ldots ,k.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/32a69e7179a5f3dd131374589698fbab70b48088.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:41.769ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|P_{A_{j}}TP_{A_{j}}\|\leq \epsilon \|T\|\quad {\text{für alle}}\,\,j=1,\ldots ,k.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dabei entspricht der Operator <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{A_{j}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{A_{j}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/167b5d9a2016ca34059ee542c18ac3343d146366.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:3.671ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{A_{j}}}" loading="lazy"></span> der Projektion auf den Untervektorraum, der von den Standard-Einheitsvektoren entsprechend der Indexmenge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A_{j}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A_{j}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6019bb70c912e59e9d5f442e9217517743ed4831.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.653ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A_{j}}" loading="lazy"></span> aufgespannt wird. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{A_{j}}TP_{A_{j}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>T</mi>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{A_{j}}TP_{A_{j}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f41582d6b9533c7f0e4931d5d88d89bebab44dff.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:8.979ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{A_{j}}TP_{A_{j}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist die Matrix, die aus der Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}" loading="lazy"></span> entsteht, indem alle Elemente von Spalten und Reihen, die nicht Indizes aus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A_{j}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A_{j}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6019bb70c912e59e9d5f442e9217517743ed4831.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.653ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A_{j}}" loading="lazy"></span> entsprechen, gleich Null gesetzt werden. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|A\|}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|A\|}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7dee3aff0e214cf2de648b54182a2196cb8ae61b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.068ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|A\|}" loading="lazy"></span> ist die <a href="Matrixnorm" title="Matrixnorm">Matrixnorm</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bourgain-Tzafriri-Vermutung">Bourgain-Tzafriri-Vermutung</h3></div>
<p>Außerdem ist das KS-Problem äquivalent zur <a href="Satz_der_eingeschr%C3%A4nkten_Invertierbarkeit#Bourgain-Tzafriri-Vermutung" class="mw-redirect" title="Satz der eingeschränkten Invertierbarkeit">Bourgain-Tzafriri-Vermutung</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Endlich-dimensionale_Formulierung_von_Weaver_und_Lösung_2013"><span id="Endlich-dimensionale_Formulierung_von_Weaver_und_L.C3.B6sung_2013"></span>Endlich-dimensionale Formulierung von Weaver und Lösung 2013</h2></div>
<p>Das Problem wurde 2013 von den Informatikern Adam Marcus, Daniel Spielman und Nikhil Srivastava in positivem Sinn gelöst (eine eindeutige Fortsetzung ist möglich).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sie lösten das (nach Nik Weaver)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> äquivalente Problem aus der linearen Algebra:
</p><p>Gegeben seien <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha >0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha >0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/edd4f784b6e8bb68fa774213ceacbab2d97825dc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.749ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha >0}" loading="lazy"></span> und Vektoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}_{i}\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}_{i}\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/24dbaada5930110092a2c3e1264aaa1175575393.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.712ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}_{i}\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i=1,\cdots ,m}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>m</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i=1,\cdots ,m}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ad91220e875c8b672f495319a4fe33dba62e7ff0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.282ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i=1,\cdots ,m}" loading="lazy"></span>) mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sum _{i}{\langle {\vec {v}}_{i},{\vec {x}}\rangle }^{2}=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sum _{i}{\langle {\vec {v}}_{i},{\vec {x}}\rangle }^{2}=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/14d8e6f4b3b138b79f8dafeb33187b07b0c829ae.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:15.205ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sum _{i}{\langle {\vec {v}}_{i},{\vec {x}}\rangle }^{2}=1}" loading="lazy"></span> für jedes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|{\vec {x}}\|=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|{\vec {x}}\|=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/176f3ca8a086e48dcddc2e84e4756cb9a8019d7e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.916ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|{\vec {x}}\|=1}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\|{\vec {v}}_{i}\|}^{2}\leq \alpha }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\|{\vec {v}}_{i}\|}^{2}\leq \alpha }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d6834dd8b8b7e3df81134ea6016fcd1567db0ec6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.94ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\|{\vec {v}}_{i}\|}^{2}\leq \alpha }" loading="lazy"></span>. Dann gibt es eine Aufteilung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{1}\bigcup T_{2}}">
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<msub>
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<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \{1,2,\cdots ,m\}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7aa758ee9ce68a2f683bac244bd8d9cdc50de04e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.902ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \{1,2,\cdots ,m\}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left|\sum _{i\in T_{j}}{\langle {\vec {v}}_{i},{\vec {x}}\rangle }^{2}-{\frac {1}{2}}\right|\leq 5\cdot {\sqrt {\alpha }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow>
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<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
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<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
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<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
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<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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</mrow>
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<mn>2</mn>
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<msqrt>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left|\sum _{i\in T_{j}}{\langle {\vec {v}}_{i},{\vec {x}}\rangle }^{2}-{\frac {1}{2}}\right|\leq 5\cdot {\sqrt {\alpha }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6036b104c0c4c82c79711622c515d85cbc2188ea.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.671ex; width:26.44ex; height:8.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left|\sum _{i\in T_{j}}{\langle {\vec {v}}_{i},{\vec {x}}\rangle }^{2}-{\frac {1}{2}}\right|\leq 5\cdot {\sqrt {\alpha }}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>für alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|{\vec {x}}\|=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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</mrow>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|{\vec {x}}\|=1}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/176f3ca8a086e48dcddc2e84e4756cb9a8019d7e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.916ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|{\vec {x}}\|=1}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle j=1,2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>j</mi>
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<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle j=1,2}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fcc932fd3887517325e81803b694ff8b5c1f1b9e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.027ex; width:7.442ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle j=1,2}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Die Formulierung stammt aus der <a href="Diskrepanz" title="Diskrepanz">Diskrepanz</a>-Theorie, denn die Ungleichung kann so interpretiert werden: Eine quadratische Form (gegeben durch die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4c1e99e843fffeae2c302f24e96edb76b2cbf915.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.975ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span>) kann auf der Einheitssphäre so in zwei Teile zerlegt werden kann, dass sie auf den beiden Teilen dem Wert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
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</mrow>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/edef8290613648790a8ac1a95c2fb7c3972aea2f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:1.658ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span> beliebig nahe kommen.
</p><p>Für den Beweis benutzten Spielman, Marcus und Srivastava nur elementare lineare Algebra, Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie und elementare Analysis und nutzten Zufalls-Polynome.
</p><p>Der Satz hat in dieser Formulierung auch Anwendung auf die Zerlegung von Graphen (Marcus, Spielman, Srivastava bewiesen gleichzeitig die Existenz k-regulärer <a href="Ramanujan-Graph" title="Ramanujan-Graph">Ramanujan-Graphen</a> für beliebiges <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}" loading="lazy"></span>).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Kadison, Singer: Extensions of pure states, American Journal of Mathematics, Band 81, 1959, S. 383–400</li>
<li>Marcus, Spielman, Srivastava: Interlacing families II: Mixed characteristic polynomials and the Kadison-Singer Problem, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1306.3969">Arxiv 2013</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.mfo.de/handle/mfo/434">Alain Valette, The Kadison-Singer Problem</a>, Snapshots of modern mathematics, Oberwolfach 2014</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Für die entsprechenden Begriffe in der Quantenmechanik siehe <a href="Reiner_und_gemischter_Zustand" class="mw-redirect" title="Reiner und gemischter Zustand">Reiner und gemischter Zustand</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P. G. Casazza, M. Fickus, J. C. Tremain, E. Weber: <i>The Kadison–Singer problem in mathematics and engineering: a detailed account</i>, Operator theory, operator algebras, and applications. Contemporary Mathematics. 414. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society, 2006, S. 299–355, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0510024">Arxiv</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P. G. Casazza, <i>Consequences of the Marcus/Spielman/Stivastava solution to the Kadison-Singer Problem</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1407.4768">Arxiv</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Joel Anderson <i>Restrictions and representations of states on C*--algebras</i>, Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, Band 249, 1979, S. 303–329</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter G. Casazza und Roman Vershynin: <cite style="font-style:italic">Kadison-Singer meets Bourgain-Tzafriri</cite>. 2005.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Kadison-Singer-Problem&rft.au=Peter+G.+Casazza+und+Roman+Vershynin&rft.btitle=Kadison-Singer+meets+Bourgain-Tzafriri&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1408.4421">Marcus, Spielman, Srivastava, Ramanujan Graphs and the Solution of the Kadison-Singer Problem</a> (Arxiv), Proc. ICM 2014</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weaver, The Kadison-Singer problem in discrepancy theory, Discrete Mathematics, Band 278, 2004, S. 227–239</span>
</li>
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